Negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia Essay

Negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia - Essay Example paranoid delusion and aggression were of increased intensity; when aripiprazole 15 mg was administered, Two weeks later the positive symptoms, paranoid delusion and aggression appeared. (Ponde MP, Novaes CM.. 2007) He complains of hearing voices talking to him and claims the television is sending special messages to him particularly, called delusions of reference. He also is so paranoid in the sense of having Somatic Delusions of false body illnesses beliefs the patient convinces himself of including cancer presence. Other cognitive symptoms where also present such as disorganized thoughts, difficulty in concentrating and in following instructions given in hand, difficulty in completing tasks and memory retaining problems. Another patient. 52 years old came with the following negative signs and symptoms of schizophrenia; apathy, lack of emotion, poor or nonexistent social functioning and depression. (Peralta V., Cuesta M. J., Martinez-Larrea A., and Serrano J. F. (2000) The patient apparently has disorganizational issues here is mostly speechless, and when asked a question replies in a short meaningless manner. This is called alogia or poverty of speech fluency, and he probably has psychomotor retardation. He also seems to stare blankly with incoherent body language or lack of it, in addition to attention impairment. (Potkin S. G., Alva G., Fleming K., Anand R., Keator D., Carreon D., Michael Doo, Yi Jin, Wu J. C., and Fallon J.H. 2002) He also has an affective flattening and diminished motivation representation; anhedonia and apathy, diminished motivation, moodiness with sudden switching from happiness to sadness and exacerbation of emotions in a strange manner. (Mary E. Kelley. Daniel P. van Kammen. and Daniel N. Allen. 1999) Peralta V., Cuesta M. J., Martinez-Larrea A., and Serrano J. F. (2000). Differentiating Primary from Secondary Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Study of

Sakuntala India Essay Example for Free

Sakuntala India Essay Kalidasas Sakuntala is the best-known Sanskrit drama, and widely considered a masterpiece. It is based on an episode from the Mahabharata (book 1, ch. 62-69), though Kalidasa takes significant liberties in his version. Widely translated there were no fewer than forty-six translations in twelve different languages in the century after Sir William Jones groundbreaking first translation (1789) alone, Dorothy Matilda Figueira notes in Translating the Orient new editions continue to appear regularly. Barbara Stoler Millers, published along with translations of Kalidasas two other dramas (and three explanatory essays) as Theater of Memory, appears to have become a standard version, and certainly the classroom text of choice (at least in the US); it also has the advantage of being relatively easy to find (which is not the case with most of the other translations). The eighty pages of essays, covering three different aspects of Kalidasa and Sanskrit drama, and the solid critical apparatus (though the actual notes are a bit thin), as well the fact that it makes the other two Kalidasa plays easily available, does make this an appealing edition. It is not, however, ideal. Millers translation is solid, with a few inspired touches, but it does not stand out among the competition. In addition, more supporting material, and more extensive notes focussed specifically on the play would have been welcome. Sakuntala is a play in seven acts. It begins with a remarkable Prologue, in which the director of the play briefly discusses the planned nights entertainment with the lead actress. Hes worried about impressing his learned audience, and tells her: I find no performance perfect until the critics are pleased; the better trained we are the more we doubt ourselves. (Critics with its newspaper-reviewer connotations is an unfortunate choice here; Kalidasa clearly only means hes worried about the opinion of this generally well-informed audience.) The actress manages to reassure him with a brief song: she is so utterly convincing and enrapturing that he forgets what play he wanted to put on (after just having  mentioned it moments before). Its a hard scene to pull of on the stage, but on the page it can convince, and its a stunning start to the play (and also sets the bar very high). The play proper then begins, with King Dusyanta on a hunting expedition. Hes going after an antelope, but a monk stops him, telling him the antelope belongs to the local hermitage: Your weapon should rescue victims, not destroy the innocent ! The king does as he is asked. Invited to the hermitage he looks around the grove, and comes across Sakuntala and two friends but he hides before they see him. Sakuntala is the daughter of the head sage, Kanva (who is away at the time), or so the king has been told. In fact, she is only the adopted daughter, and is actually the daughter of a royal sage and a celestial nymph (which is important, as the it wouldnt be appropriate for the king to be involved with a commoner). Sakuntala is coming into her own, and one of the first things the king sees is Sakuntala asking one of her friends to loosen the no longer quite form-fitting bark dress she is wearing. As the friend says: Blame your youth for swelling your breasts. (Ryder translates this much more successfully: You had better blame your own budding charms for that.) The king finally shows himself, but hes uncertain whether to reveal his true identity and pretends to be someone else. He finds out that Sakuntala would be an appropriate mate, but theres still a bit of romancing to do. He does, however, give her the ring of the title an embellishment of Kalidasas that isnt found in the original source-material, but that will allow the king to come of looking better than he originally did. The second act begins with a Shakespearean buffoons monologue: the character of the fool transposed to India. The king is by now completely smitten. As the buffoon notes: She must be delectable if youre so enticed. The king is indeed filled with enthusiasm but by the end of the act realises that the buffoon may let something about his passion slip back home at the palace, which might not go over so well, and so he tells him: I really feel no desire for the young ascetic Sakuntala. What do I share with a rustic girl reared among fawns, unskilled in love ? Dont mistake what I muttered in jest for the real truth, my friend ! The audience knows better, and in the third act their true feelings cant be hidden any longer though both the king and Sakuntala suffer for their passion before they can embrace each other: SAKUNTALA: I dont know your heart, but day and night for wanting you, love violently tortures my limbs, cruel man. KING: Love torments you, slender girl, but he completely consumes me daylight spares the lotus pond while it destroys the moon. The king wants to marry Sakuntala, but she is worried that the proposed rushed and secret marriage wouldnt be appropriate. Fulfillment of desire is fraught with obstacles, the king sighs. Sakuntala gives in but only off stage, in between scenes. When the fourth act opens the king has returned home, promising to send for Sakuntala later. Still enraptured, Sakuntala neglects her duties and is cursed by the angry sage Durvasas: the king wont remember who she is at least until he sees the ring of recollection. (In the original version of the story in the Mahabharata there is no curse or ring: the king is simply a cad: he remembers her well enough, but pretends not to.) But Sakuntala is sp swept away she doesnt even realise whats happened. Much of the fourth act is filled with the sweet sorrow of parting, as Sakuntala prepares to  leave the idyllic grove and the hermitage. Its all the more poignant because she is not aware of the terrible fate shes facing (while the audience knows exactly whats coming). In act five Sakuntala arrives at the kings court and doesnt get quite the welcome she expected. It should all be easy enough to clear up, even Sakuntala realises: this ring will revive your memory and remove your doubt. But, alas theres no ring on her finger ! It must have fallen off .. Sakuntala has other evidence, describing their meetings, but that isnt enough to convince the cursed king, and he continues to worry: Since its unclear whether Im deluded or she is speaking falsely should I risk abandoning a wife or being tainted by another mans ? Act six begins with more comic relief, as a fisherman is interrogated by the police about a ring he found the missing royal ring of recollection, of course. Now, finally, the king remembers. and he sets off to regain her. Sakuntala has by now given birth to a child, a boy who looks much like the king (and who should so the kings promise to Sakuntala long ago be his successor). But the king can barely believe that there is any hope left for him: learning the boys mothers name is Sakuntala he moans: But names can be the same. Even a name is a mirage a false hope to herald despair. But, finally, there is the happy reunion and ending. Much of the power of the play is as a character study of Sakuntala, as Kalidasa shows her in these different circumstances. Her love, her despair, her anger are all impressively displayed. Much of this and, indeed, the success of much of the rest of the play depends on the poetry of the play, and while there are some very successful bits, Millers translation does fall short. Sanskrit is a difficult language to translate in any case. The nominal compounds (similar to the German, except that they can be much more elaborate) pose a particular problem, and the Sanskrit verses with their own complex rules are also very difficult to convey. Miller knows her stuff, and the substance of the play is well-conveyed. But much goes  missing especially that sense of poetry. Some of the problems can be guessed at from the explanation she offers of the plays title in the notes (one of the few terms she explains at greater length): Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection This is not a literal rendering of the Sanskrit compound Abhijnanasakuntala, whose exact form and meaning are controversial even among Sanskrit critics and commentators. The word abhijnana means recognition or recollection; it is used in the play to refer to the ring Dusyanta gives as a token to Sakuntala () A more exact translation of the title might be [The drama of] Sakuntala [remembered] through the ring of recollection, where the entire compound refers to the implied word nataka (drama),and a word like smrta (remembered) may be supplied according to a rule of Sanskrit grammar governing elision in compound verbs. Unfortunately, there are probably few words (and verses) in the text that dont warrant as much or more explanation. Miller goes for the grounded, straightforward approach, not rhyming the verses, for example (Ryder, on the other hand, imposes a rhyme on all the verses). Enough of the original comes through to get a decent sense of the plays qualities, but it rarely reaches the transcendent heights the original is reputed to have. A useful edition, with some decent supporting material (though more would have been welcome), it nevertheless isnt entirely satisfying. Return to top of the page

Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Caves of Steel, by Isaac Asimov

Everyone is faced with difficult obstacles at some point in his or her life, whether or not they are able to overcome them can define them as a person. Every story has a plot, but a plot is determined by the characters and their actions to events that take place in the story. According to the article â€Å"Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots† written by Patricia S. Warrick, many of the plots in Asimov’s novels depend on â€Å"computers and robots [along with] space exploration and development† (54). Characters in the novels written by Isaac Asimov have to figure out the capabilities of new technology, understand other characters, and find solutions to problems with no end in sight. Characters’ actions and responses to problems play large roles in the plot of a story. The characters in Asimov’s novels have to solve problems that could affect the future of humankind. With such great advancements in technology, the humans begin to worry tha t technology such as robots will take over and become the primary race. In Isaac Asimov’s novel, Foundation and Empire, one of the themes is deception and some characters use deception to get what they want, and in a world of power, they became the most powerful of all. When the structure of organizations and countries begin to fall apart in the world, there are some people who will do almost anything to gain power. In Asimov’s eyes, the future world is going to be enormous expanding across galaxies, having unlimited technology, and billions of people. Asimov is one of few writers who has had success writing novels containing science fiction and mystery. Isaac Asimov depicts similar themes of power and deception by using the plot, characters, and setting, while the use of all these makes him an i... ...simov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 32-58. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 41-45. Print. Short, Sue. "The Measure of a Man? Asimov's Bicentennial Man, Star Trek's Data, and Being Human." Extrapolation 44.2 (2003): 209. General OneFile. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Warrick, Patricia S. "Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots." The Cybernetic Imagination. N.p.: The MIT, 1980. 53-79. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 53-56. Print. Watt, Donald. "A Galaxy Full of People: Characterization in Asimov's Major Fiction." Isaac Asimov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p.: Taplinger, 1977. 135-73. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit: Gale, 1983. 45-50. Print.

White Light/Black Rain Opr

White Light/Black Rain OPR August 6-9, 1945: The first atomic bombs are dropped over the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in the greatest nuclear catastrophe ever in terms of human casualties. As time fades these horrific events into obscure moments in history, many people become ignorant of the damage caused by the bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Steven Okazaki in White Light/Black Rain utilizes the rhetoric strategies ethos, pathos and logos to reveal the full destructive power of nuclear weapons and to convince future generations that nuclear weapons should never again be employed in war.By peppering quantitative data and statistics throughout the film, Okazaki effectively appeals to logos and displays the measurable damage caused from the atomic bombs dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Okazaki states that 140,000 people were killed instantly from the explosions and 160,000 died later as a result of radiation poisoning or burns. Hundreds of thousands of innoce nt people were wiped off the face of the earth from the cataclysmic eruptions of heat and radiation from these man made weapons of mass destruction.Even more were forever cursed with the chronic complications from heat and radiation exposure such as third-degree burns, hair loss, and later cancer. Okazaki also declares that in the twenty-first century, there are enough nuclear weapons to cause as much damage as 40,000 Hiroshimas. This amount of nuclear firepower has the potential to kill millions of people and alter global climate. Nuclear warfare can only end in destruction.By providing the measurable damage of nuclear weapons used in in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Okazaki reveals their alarming destructive potential and reminds younger generations of its horrible consequences. Okazaki establishes ethos in his film by including interviews of many survivors from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings and by rolling footage of the aftermath of the bombings. During the interviews, the bomb s urvivors recount their awful story and show the horrific injuries sustained from the atomic bombs.Their recount of the deaths, destruction, disease, and poverty suffered calls in to question the morality of killing and maiming so many innocent people. During the interviews, the bomb survivors recall having family member killed, homes destroyed, or body parts scorched beyond repair. Black and white footage of the cities after their bombings exposes their utter decimation. Although the Japanese could rebuild their cities, they were unaware of the radiation that would linger in the land for ages.The effects of chronic radiation exposure caused mutations and tumors in many who lived in Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombings. It is unjustifiable to intentionally cause mass destruction in any scenario, and Okazaki clearly questions the authority and ethic of the atomic bombs through the first-hand accounts of their repercussions. Dissonant background music and disturbing images of dead and severely burned and sick children establish the strong pathos against nuclear weapons in Okazaki’s film.During scenes of the tragic death and destruction brought by nuclear weapons, Okazaki plays quiet, echoing, and dissonant instrumental music. These audible elements combine to create a harsh and somber tone. The sorrowful, minor key music augments the woeful scenes of wreckage and induces pity and empathy. Scenes including mutilated and burned children appeal especially to emotions. The innocence of the children juxtaposed with their atrocious injuries induces a sense of anger against the atomic bombings.Viewing emotionally and physically scarred children strikes a discord in the hearts of the compassionate and emotional viewers. Okazaki successfully connects the emotions in the music and disturbing images to deter anyone from justifying the need for nuclear weapons. Clearly, by combining ethical, emotional, and logical consequences of the of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Steven Okazaki in White Light/Black Rain, educates future generations about the consequences of using nuclear weapons and persuades them away from the idea of nuclear warfare.

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Essay

Born July 8, 1926 in Zurich, Switzerland Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was the oldest of triplets, Erika and Eva of Protestant Christian parents. In 1957 she graduated from the University of Zurich Medical School. She was induced in the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2007 and the recipient of twenty various honorary degrees throughout her career. She suffered two miscarriages, and eventually had a son, Kenneth, and a daughter, Barbara. In 1995 Kà ¼bler-Ross suffered a series of strokes which left her partially paralyzed on her left side. She died in 2004 of natural causes. Upon reading Kubler-Ross’ book, Questions and Answers On Death and Dying, I found that it is set up in a question and answer/advise format. The questions evolved from various formats, such as workshops, lectures and seminars. It is her belief that the process of dying or learning one has a terminal illness processes in five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. After reviewing my own experience with the passing of my son in 2000, I believe her hypothesis is correct. If more caregivers offered some type of this psychological counseling, many people could possibly deal with death and dying a little easier. During her work and volunteer missions, she found that many people, including families, and doctors, either avoided talking with the dying person or didn’t know what to say to them. By addressing this problem through seminars, lectures and books her hope was to familiarize family, care-givers and professionals with what dying people are thinking and feeling. By being familiar with some of the issues, denial of death would hopefully pass and the patients wouldn’t feel so alone in the dying process. It is noted in the book, that often times the terminally ill person doesn’t really want to talk about their impending death. The want to talk about â€Å"tomorrow†. What are the plans for tomorrow, what will the weather be tomorrow ~ indicating they still often hold a glimmer of hope for survival or an after-life. She often referred to death as â€Å"the  greatest mystery in science.† I would have to agree with this in certain situations. Although as human beings we know we will not live forever, we know some will pass away through terminal illness, some will die by accident ~ the mystery begins to enter when we question â€Å"When† and â€Å"Why†. Her lifelong dedication of helping the terminally ill, as well as their families and friends to deal with loss and death lives on through the Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation, established in her name in 2004. This foundation is volunteer based working mainly with the ideal Kubler-Ross established during her lifetime. The foundation presents options to dying people such as in-home nursing care so people can come to their final rest in a more comfortable environment often times with their family and clergy at their side. Kubler-Ross dedicated a large portion of her life volunteering for various entities. The first noted was at the age of 13 she volunteered to help Polish war victim at the beginning of World War II. This lead her to become active with the International Voluntary Service for Peace, which was also established shortly after World War II. This group currently has over 3000 voluntary projects worldwide. Kubler-Ross’ research, volunteerism and theories is her legacy to any and all facing death, including the patient, the families, the doctors and scholars. Reference 1) Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross Foundation website 2) Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 07:49, Apr 28, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/elisabeth-kubler-ross-262762.

Blood essays

Blood essays Functions 1. Transportation medium for food and oxygen cells. 2. Transport medium for waste and carbon dioxide from the cells. 3. Movement of hormones, enzymes, immune cells and other chemicals throughout the body. 4. Important in the regulation of body temp. BLOOD Plasma Solutes Proteins Albumins -Originate in hemocytoblasts, found in marrow and lymphatic system -Increase in blood during infection. Grandular - Basophil-Secretes heparin and histamine. (Anticoagulant and inflammatory response) - Eosinophil-Cellular defence, phagocytosis of lg. Pathogenic microorganisms and releases antinflamatory substances in allergic reaction. - Neutrophils-Cellular defence-phagocytosis of sm. Pathogenic microorganism. Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes-Hormonal defence-secretes antibodies involved in immune system response and regulation. - Monocytes-Can migrate out of blood into tissue as a macrophage capable of eating bacteria cellular debris and cancerous cells. -no nucleus, very sm. Biocave disks allow them to squeeze thought tiny areas. -Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. -Produced in bone marrow (Erythropoiesis) -Short life, no DNA so they cannot divide and replenish. -They are broken down and recycled. -Blood Clotting (When blood is removes they join together. -They have no nucleus and are formed in the Red Bone Marrow. By fragments of very lg. Cel ...

ukrainian folklore essays

ukrainian folklore essays Purposes of Ukrainian-American Folklore The relatively large Ukrainian community in the United States has many traditions and customs, most of which stem from a feeling of Ukrainian nationalism. As Ukraine was being overtaken by Russia, Ukrainians were immigrating by the thousands to the US. Ukrainians moving to the new world were leaving behind a disappearing culture and moving to a completely different land. Immigrants were proud of their heritage, and many of the traditions that were started in America exist to preserve this heritage and to pass it on to future generations. The Ukrainian Boy Scouting program is one such tradition. Ukrainians in America started this program in the early 1900s to train their young to return to Ukraine and drive the Russians out. This began as resistance to Russian rule over Ukraine. All boys and girls participate in this intermittently throughout the year, starting at age seven and continuing for life. Ukrainian Boy Scouts is very different from the typical American view of Boy Scouts, in that it involves a more rigorous wilderness-training program. This is because the program was essentially started as a military training program, and although it exists now only for fun and tradition, many of the subjects and ideas taught to the youths remain the same. People who are involved in the program put their children through it, as an attempt to preserve Ukrainian culture. When Ukrainians turn eighteen they become counselors, and at age thirty-five they become seniors and run the program. This program, along with a handful of similar programs, was started for various reasons. To begin with, Ukrainian youths had trouble adjusting to American society. "They (Ukrainian youth programs) are helping to solve some of the social problems of the second generation that does not seem to be able to find its way into American society or does not feel at home there." Ukrainian ...

Tarpan - Facts and Figures

Tarpan - Facts and Figures Name: Tarpan; also known as Equus ferus ferus Habitat: Plains of Eurasia Historical Period: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-100 years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet tall and 1,000 pounds Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; long, shaggy coat About the Tarpan The genus Equuswhich comprises modern horses, zebras and donkeysevolved from its prehistoric horse forebears a few million years ago, and flourished in both North and South America and (after some populations crossed the Bering land bridge) Eurasia. During the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, the North and South American Equus species went extinct, leaving their Eurasian cousins to propagate the breed. Thats where the Tarpan, also known as Equus ferus ferus, comes in: it was this shaggy, ill-tempered horse that was domesticated by the early human settlers of Eurasia, leading directly to the modern horse. (See a slideshow of 10 Recently Extinct Horses.) Somewhat surprisingly, the Tarpan managed to survive well into historical times; even after millennia of interbreeding with modern horses, a few pure-bred individuals roamed the plains of Eurasia as late as the early 20th century, the last one dying in captivity (in Russia) in 1909. In the early 1930sperhaps inspired by other, less ethical eugenics experimentsGerman scientists attempted to re-breed the Tarpan, producing what is now known as the Heck Horse. A few years earlier, authorities in Poland also tried to resurrect the Tarpan by breeding horses with noticeably Tarpan-like traits; that early effort in de-extinction ended in failure.

Felt Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Felt Needs - Essay Example Target age group socio-demographic profile: Onkaparinga is located south of Adelaide CBD. The city of Onkaparinga covers an area of 518km2 with a population of 153,496 (2004). 22% of the city's population is aged 15 years or lower, hence the city's age structure can be classified as young when compared with Adelaide Statistics Division (ASD). In addition, according to the data available, the city of Onkaparinga's population aged 15-19 comprises 8 % of the city's total population, which, when numerically presented, is 11,500 . According to (Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2001), there is no specific data targeting girls aged 12- 18 years as a separate group. At the 2001 Census, the city of Onkaparinga recorded 20,530 females aged between 5- 24 in total out of which 323 were Indigenous females. In addition, there were 369 non stated females belonging to the above - examined group. It has been noted that the adolescents living in the Onkaparinga have had a very high incidences of breast cancer. These have been more pronounced amongst the poor those earning less than $21,000 per annum. To gain the right insight of the issues and of the Onkaparinga community, the following methodology was used. Oral interviews with the key informants, and focused group discussions. Finally all available related literature was reviewed with an aim of coming up with the true situation. The researcher, toured the Local Government Area of Onkaparinga (Adelaide-South Australia) to acquire data for the study, two main approaches were used, that is: Involvement of local leaders also referred her as key informants and group discussion. In a study related to needs assessment, approaches, Warheit, (1984) described the "key informant approach" as an effective research method based on information secured from local residents in a position to understand the peoples' needs and consumption patterns. Therefore, selection of informants was based on the individual's understanding of the community, its people and the peoples' needs. This method was favored because of the nature of the Local Government Area of Onkaparinga (Adelaide-South Australia) whereby the illiteracy levels are very high. The methodology is useful in collecting information from key people such as professionals, who have worked very closely with them and therefore understand their needs better. The data collected from focused group discussions was used to assess needs and has been used by social workers with a great level of success (Warheit, et al. 1984). Warren (1984, p. 36) stated that "group discussions are a fine method of covering a big area in a shorter time" In this particular study, each group comprised of people who could provide diverse dimensions on the community needs. The felt problems discussed here are presented from the perspective community. Felt Needs Unemployment: Interestingly, until year 2001, the city of Onkaparinga consistently recorded

Field Inventory Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Field Inventory Assignment - Essay Example This essay stresses that different activities happen in this holy and secular places. For instance, the altar is holy, and it where the priest stands when presiding over the mass and all the Bible readings take place there. On the other hand, the unholy place is used for sitting and no serious activity takes place. In addition, in the altar and other holy places are religious objects, including crosses and sculptures of martyrs. These religious art objects to play different roles in the congregation and the Catholic Church, in general. For instance, the arts of martyrs remind the congregation the importance of faith. The cross reminds them of the death of Jesus Christ, who is also their Savior. This paper makes a conclusion that members of the congregation are expected to sing with others, pay attention and quiet as well as to keep a distance from holy places within the church. These rules come from the Catholic doctrine formed a long time ago at the beginning of Christianity. They are presented to Catholics through an initiation process known as catechism. During my time at the church, the priest discussed singing as an ethical principle as he encouraged people to sing. The project affected the author's understanding of Christianity and the society he is part because people do not pray the same. There are different forms of prayers as evidenced it the church he attended. Therefore, he has come to realize that we are different in terms of the way we conduct prayer services even though we come from the same society.

Relationship between cllage and avant-grade in the 20th century Essay

Relationship between cllage and avant-grade in the 20th century - Essay Example The two-dimensional collages that they developed were implemented using newspaper clippings, colored papers, tobacco wrappers, and wallpapers. After the cubists embraced collage, various other artists and movements joined the train and started recognizing its potential as an aspect of art. In parts of Italy, the futurists received recognition for successfully adopting the use of collage to express the principles of the machine age. In Russia, the constructivists adopted the use of collage in developing posters that announced the Russian Revolution. More recently, neo-Expressionists have integrated certain aspects of collage into primarily painted surfaces (Ryder, 2009, pp.2). For instance, this can be best illustrated in the way Jeff Koon continually interprets aspects of pop culture, just as he designed a balloon twisted into an animal shape and cast in ceramic with a metallic finish. The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of collage in the development and divergence of twentieth century notions of the avant-garde; and determine whether Greenberg is being reductive behind the whole idea of avant-garde. Discussion Initially, the term avant-garde was used to describe â€Å"the foremost part of an army advancing to war.’ Currently it is also used to describe a grouping of artists who perceive itself to be innovative and unique. Others use this French originated term to describe a movement advancing radical social change. More progressively, the term was linked to movements formed to champion art issues. Such groups direct their attention fundamentally more towards developing and diversifying cutting edges of aesthetic experience, and not aggressive social change (Pronko, 2003, pp.1). Fundamentally, the idea of avant-garde is used to describe â€Å"artists, writers, thinkers and theorists† whose contribution in the field of art contradicts mainstream culture systems and frequently has an incisive social or political edge. Most of these g roups of individuals and groups made affirmations regarding vanguard culture in the seminal periods of modernization (Pronko, 2003, pp.2). However, the first authoritative statement issued on the subject of avant-garde was in Clement Greenberg’s essay titled â€Å"Avant-Garde and Kitsch.† This was a New York based art critic whose work still receives a lot of recognition until today. In this piece of work, he argued that vanguard culture over the years had been critical of the mainstream culture, as well as the synthesized mass culture that is attributed to the process of industrialization. To this art critic, these forms of culture admittedly ought to be described as Kitsch; meaning counterfeit and mechanical. Notwithstanding Greenberg’s critical arguments, other quarters have misleadingly suited and misused the term â€Å"avant-garde†, primarily as a marketing strategy to popularize other forms of art such as music and films. Currently, it is not surpri sing to hear people refer to rock superstars and film celebrities as avant-garde. With all this counter arguments, it is important to understand the role played by ancient art forms, particularly the collage, in the development and divergence of the notion of avant-garde as understood in the twentieth century. Schwitters was a well recognized artist in the nineteenth century who developed his first

Teaching children with dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching children with dyslexia - Essay Example Owing to the difficulty in diagnosis of the condition, some educators may be essentially baffled by the behavior of a child whose poor performance is mistakenly seen to originate from carelessness (Subramaniam, Mallan, & Mat, 2013). Teachers may punish these students or enroll them in unnecessary remedial lessons, which may make them feel very much underrated, or overburdened in a learning facility. Whereas it may be difficult to differentiate between children who are careless in the classroom and those with dyslexia, it is the responsibility of an effective teacher to create an atmosphere that is favorable for learning by all the pupils. This would enhance early diagnoses for dyslexia and facilitate the implementation of specialized care to cater for the unique educational needs of such students. Â  Owing to the difficulty in diagnosis of the condition, some educators may be essentially baffled by the behavior of a child whose poor performance is mistakenly seen to originate from c arelessness (Subramaniam, Mallan, & Mat, 2013). Teachers may punish these students or enroll them in unnecessary remedial lessons, which may make them feel very much underrated, or overburdened in a learning facility. Whereas it may be difficult to differentiate between children who are careless in the classroom and those with dyslexia, it is the responsibility of an effective teacher to create an atmosphere that is favorable for learning by all the pupils. This would enhance early diagnoses for dyslexia and facilitate the implementation of specialized care to cater for the unique educational needs of such students. Â   Husni and Jamaludin (2009) argue that it behaves a class teacher to comprehend the learning challenges that a dyslexic student may experience within the learning environment. With this awareness, teachers would avoid chances of misconstruing the behavior of a child, which may impair their normal learning processes. In a cordial environment full of motivation, a dysl exic student will develop the perception of self-reliance, which basically yields educational success (Amstrong, 2012). Teaching a dyslexic child requires the knowledge that an impaired auditory short term memory, which results from the disease can result in the student having a poorer capacity to retain the teacher’s input for long.’s input for long. In light of this, an effective teacher should adopt simpler, repetitive teaching strategies when issuing instructions to a class of dyslexic children in order to secure their better understanding of the lessons. Subramaniam, Mallan and Mat (2013) have pointed out that auditory short term memory impairment in a child can impede the victim’s ability to remember the teacher’s input of spoken words, arrangement of sounds in order, and the adequate spelling of the letters. In most cases, children with these learning problems cannot recall even simple instructions. Regardless of the seriousness of the impacts of the impairment, proper teaching interventions in the class have proven advantageous to the victims. Managing the short-term memory Managing the short-term memory is vital to the achievement of better outcomes in the classroom. Teaching a dyslexic child requires the development of the lesson outline, and ending each lesson with a scorecard of the themes covered. By doing so, vital information related to learning will be retained in the child’s memory for longer (Amstrong, 2012). This can also be essential when setting the homework. Teachers should ensure that the dyslexic child properly notes down what is required. Instructors should also ensure that the child carries home the right writing materials. Although a majority of such would find it difficult to remember telephone contacts of their friends, it is important for teachers to have them note down a few contacts on the homework book to facilitate consultation when they face any difficulty remembering the recommended work (Amstrong, 2012). Teachers should also ensure that they use written form of communication for learning activities, since verbal communication would be forgotten easily. A teacher for a dyslexic child should monitor the performance and behavior of the child on a daily

The Environment and Technology in Feed (responses) Assignment

The Environment and Technology in Feed (responses) - Assignment Example However, on the other, it is causes serious environmental problems such as the destruction of Jefferson Park. When more artificial elements are incorporated into life, the natural elements are apparently forced out. Therefore, Feed just like every other dystopian piece of literature shows how the future might end in apocalypse if necessary actions are not taken immediately. It shows how government uses technology to literally control the minds of people, thus, the story serves as a gentle reminder to make young readers see beyond the truth shown to them. The Teen Ink article as well as the Colson Article provide in depth information regarding the genre of YA dystopia and further exemplify how the genre has shifted throughout time. The latter furthermore identifies that it is the â€Å"courage and vision to begin anew† portrayed through stories of this genre that make it so popular among modern day teens (Colson 2012). Hope is identified as the â€Å"most powerful emotion† in YA dystopia, however, in Feed, Anderson does not seem to portray it too much, as in the end, the rebellious Violet dies and throughout the story her thoughts are always dismissed and no one listens to her (Teen Ink 2014). I completely agree with the plot and themes presented in the novel, however, I believe that Anderson could have inclined a bit more towards hope rather than truth so that his readers could end with a better note of â€Å"uplifting sense of triumph†

Teaching children with dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching children with dyslexia - Essay Example Owing to the difficulty in diagnosis of the condition, some educators may be essentially baffled by the behavior of a child whose poor performance is mistakenly seen to originate from carelessness (Subramaniam, Mallan, & Mat, 2013). Teachers may punish these students or enroll them in unnecessary remedial lessons, which may make them feel very much underrated, or overburdened in a learning facility. Whereas it may be difficult to differentiate between children who are careless in the classroom and those with dyslexia, it is the responsibility of an effective teacher to create an atmosphere that is favorable for learning by all the pupils. This would enhance early diagnoses for dyslexia and facilitate the implementation of specialized care to cater for the unique educational needs of such students. Â  Owing to the difficulty in diagnosis of the condition, some educators may be essentially baffled by the behavior of a child whose poor performance is mistakenly seen to originate from c arelessness (Subramaniam, Mallan, & Mat, 2013). Teachers may punish these students or enroll them in unnecessary remedial lessons, which may make them feel very much underrated, or overburdened in a learning facility. Whereas it may be difficult to differentiate between children who are careless in the classroom and those with dyslexia, it is the responsibility of an effective teacher to create an atmosphere that is favorable for learning by all the pupils. This would enhance early diagnoses for dyslexia and facilitate the implementation of specialized care to cater for the unique educational needs of such students. Â   Husni and Jamaludin (2009) argue that it behaves a class teacher to comprehend the learning challenges that a dyslexic student may experience within the learning environment. With this awareness, teachers would avoid chances of misconstruing the behavior of a child, which may impair their normal learning processes. In a cordial environment full of motivation, a dysl exic student will develop the perception of self-reliance, which basically yields educational success (Amstrong, 2012). Teaching a dyslexic child requires the knowledge that an impaired auditory short term memory, which results from the disease can result in the student having a poorer capacity to retain the teacher’s input for long.’s input for long. In light of this, an effective teacher should adopt simpler, repetitive teaching strategies when issuing instructions to a class of dyslexic children in order to secure their better understanding of the lessons. Subramaniam, Mallan and Mat (2013) have pointed out that auditory short term memory impairment in a child can impede the victim’s ability to remember the teacher’s input of spoken words, arrangement of sounds in order, and the adequate spelling of the letters. In most cases, children with these learning problems cannot recall even simple instructions. Regardless of the seriousness of the impacts of the impairment, proper teaching interventions in the class have proven advantageous to the victims. Managing the short-term memory Managing the short-term memory is vital to the achievement of better outcomes in the classroom. Teaching a dyslexic child requires the development of the lesson outline, and ending each lesson with a scorecard of the themes covered. By doing so, vital information related to learning will be retained in the child’s memory for longer (Amstrong, 2012). This can also be essential when setting the homework. Teachers should ensure that the dyslexic child properly notes down what is required. Instructors should also ensure that the child carries home the right writing materials. Although a majority of such would find it difficult to remember telephone contacts of their friends, it is important for teachers to have them note down a few contacts on the homework book to facilitate consultation when they face any difficulty remembering the recommended work (Amstrong, 2012). Teachers should also ensure that they use written form of communication for learning activities, since verbal communication would be forgotten easily. A teacher for a dyslexic child should monitor the performance and behavior of the child on a daily

Compare and contrast a drama's device with those of a poem or short Essay

Compare and contrast a drama's device with those of a poem or short story - Essay Example While most dramas are written to be performed, there are also some which are written just for reading while short stories and poems are made to be read, whether silently or orally. The plot of the drama is understood through the conversations of the characters and, to some, with the help of a narrator. Most of the meat of the story is understood through the delivery of the drama that it is very important for performers to follow instructions to the letter especially with their facial expressions and actions. For those which are purposefully for reading, writers express emotions with short descriptions written in parentheses before or after the lines of the characters to give life to the story in the minds of the reader. Short stories and poems on the other hand similarly present the plot as they present their characters. Generally speaking, dramas affect the senses of hearing and sight while short stories and poems are limited to the sense of sight. However, the three different forms of literary pieces all stir the imagination and emotion of audiences as they present the characters and plot of the story.

Study Guide Literary Terms Essay Example for Free

Study Guide Literary Terms Essay

Overview Of Hotel Marriott Tourism Essay

Overview Of Hotel Marriott Tourism Essay Marriott International, Inc.is a worldwide operator and franchisor of a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by son J.W. (Bill) Marriott, Jr. Today, Marriott International has about 3,150 lodging properties located in the United States and 67 other countries and territories. Marriott International was formed in 1992 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation. In 2002 Marriott International began a major restructuring by spinning off many Senior Living Services Communities (which is now part of Sunrise Senior Living) and Marriott Distribution Services, so that it could focus on hotel ownership and management. The changes were completed in 2003. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC. Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels Resorts until its sale on September 15, 2004 to Cendant. It is the first hotel chain to serve food that is completely free of Trans fats at all of its North American properties. In 2005, Marriott International and Marriott Vacation Club International comprised two of the 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush. On July 19, 2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings they operate in the United States and Canada would become non-smoking beginning September 2006. The new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. Marriott International announced today the signing of four additional hotels for its portfolio in India, bringing the total to 29 properties now under construction or in planning in India. When all are opened by the end of 2013, Marriott International will have 40 hotels under management in the country; today, Marriott manages 11 hotels in India represented by five brands Marriott International will introduce its moderately-priced Courtyard by Marriott brand in Vietnam, under a management agreement announced today with CY Ham Tan Resort Limited Company.   When opened in 2012, the property will be the first high-quality, internationally-branded mid-tier hotel in the area. ORGANIZATION CULTURE: Handy suggests that we can classify organisations into a broad range of four cultures. The formation of culture will depend upon a whole host of factors including company history, ownership, organisation structure, technology, critical business incidents and environment, etc. The four cultures he discusses are Power, Role, Task and People. The purpose of the analysis is to assess the degree to which the predominant culture reflects the real needs and constraints of the organisation. Strong Culture Culture is the life-thread and glue that links our past, present, and future. J.W. Marriott, Jr. Fair treatment of associates and to providing advancement opportunities Do Whatever it Takes to Take Care of the Customer Actively supports community and volunteerism Pay extraordinary attention to detail Creativity Pride in their physical surroundings Our people are the most important asset Environment that supports associate growth personal development Reputation of employing caring, dependable associates, who are ethical and trustworthy Home-like atmosphere Performance-reward system Pride in name, accomplishments, success Courtyard is a very popular brand in India and is expanding rapidly, said Rajeev Menon, area vice president for India, Pakistan, the Maldives and Malaysia. It offers excellent value in the mid-tier market that is currently underserved. The hotels adapt well to the lifestyle needs of both its domestic and international guests. COMPARISON WITH HOTEL INDUSTRY: In the world of hospitality the customer reigns supreme. In order to remain competitive it is essential for hoteliers not only to meet consumer expectations, but also to exceed them. Hilton International the hotel part of The Hilton Group plc that also includes betting and gaming, and Living Well Fitness Centers realized that in order to deliver the quality service associated with the brand, it needed to invest in the training and development of staff who are essential to ensuring that guests have a good experience during their stay. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE SUITABLE TO ITS CULTURE: The overall structure of the Marriott is tall, however within each different department there are both tall and flat structures. Marriott finds that its own properties are often a source of innovative new practices. As a result, the company has adopted formal and informal communication channels to encourage employees to share best practices. For example, through a quarterly program called the Worldwide Business Forum, managers in Poland can learn from practices in Peru. TASK 3: Human Resources This department in a business ensures that the associates have a comfortable relationship with their managers, so that they are more motivated in their jobs. This involves providing the staff with the professional abilities to take on more jobs. Staff are encouraged to study for non work related subjects. This means that the management allow each member of staff to have a variety of responsibilities, so that they can improve in different areas. Staff training is viewed as very important and large amount of money is put into the training and development project. It tries to motivate subordinates to work harder, this makes the job security effective for that individual. Therefore, the staff provides excellent customer service. The Human resources department is considered to spend more money to provide facilities for staff personnel development and training, in order to make staff more efficient. However as the human resources department has a low staff turnover rate of 9%, this means that recruitment costs are much lower compared to departments like the food and beverage. Human resources makes sure that each member of staff is treated fairly, and advices the staff on the certain things they can do and be involved in to improve themselves. This department ensures the health and safety of each individual, guaranteeing that the environment they work in is not dangerous. This department looks for the well being of all the associates in the hotel. Human resources gives training, which tries to increase staff motivation and loyalty within the organisation so that they will become more efficient in what they are doing. DEPARTMENTAL STRUCTURE: The overall structure of the Marriott is tall, however within each different department there are both tall and flat structures. the human resources department has far fewer subordinates (only 6 people) and therefore it does not have many managers, assistant managers and supervisors compared to the food and beverage department. Therefore it can be said that the human resources department is a flat structure. Within the Marriott organization structure every member of staff has a detailed job description, knows his/her manager. It is a formal structure with clear lines of communication. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER AND AUTHORITY WITHIN DEPARTMENT: There is a line of command from top to bottom of the hierarchy within an organization. Information is communicated from each managing head or director, and any orders are passed through this chain. Orders pass through many different people within the hierarchy. For example a manager sends information to an assistant manager within a certain department, and then it is sent to a supervisor. Then they would send the various messages to the worker in that department. This is an example of how messages are sent down the chain of command with a department in the Marriott. This type of structure can be effective as it helps give a clear understanding to staff to whom he/she is responsible. STYLE OF LEADERSHIP OF THE HEAD OF FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT: This is the number of subordinates directly supervised by one person (manager). A narrow span means tight supervision, less discretion and therefore less chance of making mistakes. A narrow span may mean more levels in the hierarchy and therefore a greater chance of promotions. A wide span of control reduces supervision and leads to greater delegation. The span of control can change depending upon certain circumstances. These can be seen below: * The more difficult the supervision tasks as checking work can be hard and time consuming, the smaller the span of control. Another reason why supervision tasks can be challenging maybe because the subordinates are not specialised in their job. * A small span of control maybe necessary if communication with subordinates is time consuming. * The better the supervisor, the more people he or she can supervise and as a result there will be a wide span of control. It can be seen from the organizational structure of the Marriott that each department manager has some sort of span of control. It can be said that the overall structure of the Marriott has both narrow and wide spans of control, for example in the food and beverage department there is a wide span of control as there are several restaurants and therefore the number of people the worker controls is much more. However within the human resources department there is a much narrower span of control as there are only six people in the department. PROPOSALS: The longer the chain of command within an organization the more difficult it can get for messages to get sent across. Messages can get lost or distorted as they travel across the chain of command. This problem has been prevented within the Marriott by having daily meetings with departments so that each member of staff knows what he/she is doing. TASK 4 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES: Theory M: Motivating with money Hourly workers are not motivated by programs designed to increase their enthusiasm and loyalty-they are motivated by being paid what theyre worth. Here is a motivational program that establishes a direct link between productivity and pay Marriott recognizes and rewards loyalty and performance over time. Virtually all promotions are from within and transfers and special assignments go to those who have clearly earned them with their consistent performance in serving the guests interests. Various perks, benefits and compensation are awarded to those who consistently demonstrate a guest obsession. Tuition reimbursements are used to attract the best workers; good health benefits are aimed at attracting and keeping those with families; and dozens of timely smaal perks are used to add to personal thank yous, which leaders at all levels make a point of giving. GOAL-SETTING THEORY: Goal-setting theory refers to different types of goals motivate us differently. Using a massive, five-year database of its own employment history, Marriott found that the cost of certain rewards was offset by lower turnover. And so it took a comprehensive look at its entire rewards program to align compensation and benefits with its associates needs; improve attraction and retention; enhance productivity; and increase its return on the billions of dollars it invests annually in people and achieve its required goals. It did this while demonstrating the bottom-line impact of the resultant strategy. EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT: High-performance businesses actively manage their talent, matching the right people with the right jobs and hiring for fit rather than for specific skills. As a result, these companies are rewarded with engaged, productive and creative workforces. From recruitment to training and support to retaining employees, Marriott stands out because it focuses on the entire talent development chain. Hiring by gut instinct is frowned upon; instead, hiring managers use a quantitative, predictive model that combines an assessment of candidates job skills with an evaluation of their attitudes and values-attributes that Marriott considers more important than specific skills or experience. Marriotts success with employees at all levels makes for great press. The company regularly appears on lists of best companies to work for-for example, in the top 100 rankings for both Fortune (eight consecutive years) and Working Mother (15 years). And the companys voluntary turnover rates are among the lowest in the industry. Part of the reason can be found in Marriotts benefits and compensation packages. Our largest group of employees is housekeepers-largely women with families, explains Keegan. Weve found that medical benefits are a critical driver of retention-it keeps our turnover low. But thats only part of the story. Training, career opportunities and the cultivation of emotional ties all play important roles in helping Marriott retain employees in an industry marked by high turnover. Once it makes a hiring decision, Marriott devotes considerable resources to training and developing its people at every level. Senior managers attend a four-week, in-house executive development program designed to help them cultivate a broad, externally focused point of view. For hourly workers, the emphasis is on structured, task-driven, on-the-job learning. The company even incorporates a training budget requirement into its contracts with franchisees and managed-property owners. Career-growth opportunities are another key to high retention rates. Nearly half of the companys managers were promoted from within the ranks of hourly workers. Marriott keeps its managers engaged by providing many opportunities for development and advancement. Senior executives have spent an average of 22 years with the company, while their direct reports have an average tenure of 15 years. The company prefers to promote from within and provides cross-functional opportunities for key senior managers as a way to cultivate its future leaders. Another reason for employee loyalty-and another important intangible-is the emotional connection workers have to the company. Marriott conducted research that showed that this connection was based largely on employees belief that Marriott treats them fairly. Marriott found that its survey results surpassed industry benchmarks, leading company executives to believe that their employees trust the organizations leadership to look out for their best interests. HR Khief Keegan: Hiring managers use a quantitative, predictive model that combines an assessment of candidates job skills with an evaluation of their attitudes and values-attributes that Marriott considers more important than specific skills or experience.

Appearance vs Reality Essay -- essays papers

Appearance vs Reality One normally disguises in order to be someone else, whether this be in a costume during Halloween, or as a character in a play or movie. Shakespeare uses the idea of disguise in his ‘Taming of the Shrew’ The minor theme of the play is appearance vs reality. Throughout the drama, things are never really as they seem. Katherine appears to be a real shrew, but it is all a cover-up for the hurt she feels. Bianca appears to be a self-sacrificing angel, but she is really a spoiled young lady who can quickly revert to shrewish behavior. Baptista appears to the outside world as a wonderful father; in truth, he pampers Bianca, totally spoiling her, and treats Katherine badly, depriving her of the loving attention she needs and seeks. Pe...

Leadership and Learning

In his life, the writer of this paper was able to know several leaders who are both supportive and excellent in their own ways of leadership. As a result, the writer decided to take bits of their styles to learn from and implement into his own eclectic style. Yes, basing from experience, even the bad leaders have something to teach the present learning of the new leaders of this era, certainly, they unintentionally show us what not to do. Looking back to reflect on his learning’s has enlightened the author of this paper to a plethora of areas in which the writer himself incorporated small aspects of how each of the leaders in his past have managed their employees and company. The style that the writer has come up with is one that he intends to use to produce quality management in his workplace. As for a fact, quality leadership is very important in almost any organization. The author of this paper thus defines quality leadership, or effective leadership as the innate ability to consistently motivate a staff of employees towards attaining the objective of an envisioned mission statement. However, several books authored by different leaders have many definitions of the term leadership. Within the content of this paper, the writer will illustrate the key components of quality leadership and the approaches that are taken in order to achieve it, including the different leadership styles and managerial traits. The writer will also elaborate on the plan to implement the knowledge that he has gained from the class and how it will benefit organization as well. Where to begin In order to evaluate what styles to implement, the writer needed to determine what theories and approaches would benefit him in upholding the mission statement in his current position. An organization trying to live up to its mission statement needs individuals who are effective and competent leaders. Thus, in order to have good leaders,   an organization has to have a clear and concise vision as to where it wants to be. As stated in the text, â€Å"like definitions of leadership, conceptions of leadership effectiveness differ from one writer to another† (Yukl, 2006, 9). In the writer’s perspective, an effective leader must recognize what is minor and what needs to be strongly improved within the existing management and leadership systems within an organization. In order to attain the level of quality and effectiveness that the organization deems acceptable, certain behaviors must be displayed. These characteristics should be congruent to being more proficient in pursuing and achieving the objectives of the entire organization. The first behavior to be discussed is the participative leadership. This style of leadership works extremely well in a setting such as the correctional facility that the author of this paper is working with. This approach as indicated by the book, â€Å"participative leadership, delegation and empowerment are subjects that bridge the power and behavior approaches to leadership† (Yukl, 2006, 82). This style can be exercised in particular, through engaging oneself in a constant dialogue with his peers, subordinates, administrators, team members, and outside treatment providers. As an effective leader using participative leadership, the writer would continually ask questions, probing all levels of the facility for input to ensure that everyone feels empowered and involved. This particular approach has worked well for the author thus far; as for a fact, it has earned the respect of his subordinates and peers as well towards his position in the organization. Earning respect has created a record of success that has propelled the author into a new position with higher responsibility in the face of uncertainty. Being a participative leader has allowed him a little breathing room in a period of upheaval at his own facility. Using this approach has instilled self-confidence in the writer’s subordinates, making them effective followers (Yukl, 2006, 137). Having effective followers has led to a decline in late night emergency calls, or calls to deal with otherwise trivial issues with a youth or any client that the organization deals with particularly. The staff now being effective followers will take the initiative and make decisions to deal with these trivial issues. Participative leadership is the main ingredient for the writer’s successful management style. There are other contributing factors as well. Creative visioning and creating a verbal picture of expectations, instilling belief in my abilities, and influencing others to commit to maintaining our mission statement are some of the other factors attributed to my success. All these procedures coupled with a willingness to take risks, especially when faced with adversity is the recipe for an environment conducive to efficiency. Power and influence Another area of concentration to becoming a more effective leader would be the area of power and influence. In order for the writer to continue on his path to a successful career, he certainly needs to be open to new ideas, insights, and revelations that can lead to better ways of accomplishing goals. He also needs to have control over the type of power that the writer chooses and thus exercise in actual leadership performance to employ at different times. There are five base types of power in the French and Raven power model, which includes reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, and referent power. Reward power would work in attempting to maintain fidelity in the use of our evidence based curriculum as it would allow the writer the ability to reward staff members who accept the directives that the leader particularly placed on them. It may take the form of praise, cash, a good review, recommendations, choice of the next assignment, or any number of things that encourage the desired behavior from a staff member. Coercive power could prove useful as it is the opposite of reward power, but would be used differently than discipline because it is personal where discipline may not be much applicable enough to improve the organization’s structure. The subordinate can learn from discipline, where coercive power does not provide an opportunity for employee improvement by learning. Coercive power threatens subordinates with something unpleasant or even stressful so that staff will submit to the directives given. This is a power that would be used as little as possible, due to the detrimental effects it has on the respect for the leader. In the daily milieu at the writer’s facility’s legitimate power is very important because this is in compliance of the social conditioning. Most employees have the notion of rank, which is a designation of who has power over whom. This has advantages because it decreases the second-guessing of assignments and directives because employees feel obligated to comply. The next type of power expert power is one that is frequently employed by the author of this paper. This is the power that comes from knowledge and experience that is appropriate for the current situation. For example, a physician has expert power over patients due to the years and years of education, training, and practice that he or she has completed. This same individual may not have expert power in other areas, such as administration or management. Individuals with expert power may need to adjust their approach in situations where they do not have expertise, but are expected to lead. When a problem arises on the living unit and the author of this paper is called in, to make a decision, he enters a situation where he is in a position to use expert power. This is due to his years of experience, and the many training seminars he has attended over the years. This is the reason why this particular leadership power is one of the most effective preferences of the writer. Last but certainly not least is referent power. As a leader with referent power, that author is the one that others refer to In particularly owing mutual respect. This respect comes from a successful record of accomplishment over a period of time involving common interests between individuals. This is why subordinates according to the text, â€Å"comply because he/she admires or identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agent’s approval† (Yukl, 2006, 148). Having a proven record of achievements carries a tremendous amount of influence with subordinates as well as with colleagues. This mutual respect is paramount in having a positive and productive work environment. Having said all of that, the writer finds himself deciding to implement each of these types of power in order to achieve his goal of having an eclectic style of leadership. Now more than ever the writer needs to employ many different approaches and styles into his daily managerial duties. With all of the recent chaos in the writer’s facility, he has found himself behind the eight ball so to speak. The writer feels that it is important to implement all five of the different kinds of power so that he can be proficient in the appropriate use of power and have a positive influence over his subordinates. Gaining and maintaining influence over employees is a difficult task if the leader is not careful. In this situation the writer would have to first visualize specific, measurable and attainable tasks that when achieved, will allow the writer to feel affecting and appreciated by others as being a positive influence. Next, the writer would need to identify the tools, or resources, that he already possesses as an influential leader. These resources would be the factors that assist in displaying my knowledge or power in a situation. Unfortunately, due to modesty and lack of awareness many leaders do not use or are even aware of the internal tools at their disposal. In this case, the writer is well aware of his internal resources to increase his influence positively over my subordinates. Some of the tools that the writer has at his disposal are intelligence, good judgment, knowledge of the industry, past success in institutional settings, and of course charisma. In order to achieve success in using the internal tools the writer has, he would need to use proactive influence tactics (Yukl, 2006, 166). To do this the author of this paper would implement rational persuasion first. This technique involves managing his subordinates using valid, rational reasoning. When addressing employees, the writer would carefully in a clear, unemotional and orderly manner, explain issues, ideas and protocols. Then he would be sure to solicit their questions and concerns, then explain any uncertainties and proposed discrepancies in a manner that they could easily comprehend. Remaining unemotional about the objectives that need to be achieved, the subordinates would come to regard the writer as an effective leader. The Multiple linkage model gives a great starting point for growth. To be a good leader, the author of this paper must know his subordinates and be aware of their abilities, and knowledge of the task. A clear and concise job description needs to be provided for the employees to ensure clarity. As the leader, the writer would need to define the roles of subordinates and direct them on what, how, when and where to do different duties. The need for a set criterion for employees to follow is essential as Max DePree states in his text, â€Å"at times in business, the congruence of principles and practice-or their incongruence-comes sharply into focus† (DePree, 2004, 113). In laymen’s terms the defined guidelines need to be clearly defined and enforced.  Ã‚   Using this style, writer would influence subordinates to internalize the values and beliefs of the organization. Then over a period of time the subordinates would develop the desired skills and traits through choice and training. This, along with the styles, theories and approaches discussed earlier will help the writer to develop into an effective leader who through learning will have a powerful influence over the subordinates under him. Conclusion This course has given the writer many different tools that he can implement at a moment’s notice, to help him become an effective leader in his own organization.   This will have a tremendous impact on his professional life particularly in helping him in continuously upholding his integrity in his profession. This will also help him maintain congruence and consistency in his personal life. The writer has come to realize that there is no secret recipe or any formula to become an effective leader. It is a process of trial and error, successes and failures. Thus, the author of this paper can never stop trying, and with practice, he will certainly increase his chances of success in leadership by absorbing all the information that is passed on to him by other leaders who ought to inspire him continuously. It is important for the writer to remember that no one style of leadership is appropriate for every occasion or situation. In addition, the author of this paper must ensure his awareness of a situation and how others perceive his approach. There must be readiness to choose the leadership style that is the most appropriate for the occasion. When a leader has the proper tools in place to effectively run a department, or facility they can use these tools for guiding the organization towards its mission statement. Since beginning this class my awareness of how remarkable the art of leadership is has grown immensely. The writer can now say without a doubt that he has chosen the correct career path. References: DePree, Max. (2004) Leadership is an art; New York, NY: Random House Inc. Yukl, Gary. (2006) Leadership in Organizations; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.               

Health Benefits of Martial Arts Essay

The major goal of the alcohol beverage industry is to sell alcohol, through advertising. In 2008 the alcohol beverage spent $1. 63 billion on their advertisement budget which is less than half of what one thinks’ of as advertising which the means are TV, magazines, newspapers, and outdoor billboards. Other forms of advertisements are termed â€Å"promotions† which include but not limited to: sponsorship of cultural, musical and sporting events, internet advertising, displays for retail stores, and product placements in movies and TV shows. The total promotion and advertising budget is over $4. billion which is virtually equivalent to what is spent on advertising other beverages from milk to fruit juice. The alcohol beverage industry especially targets the youth by using animation characters, product placement, and social media. The alcohol beverage industry uses animation characters such as the Budweiser frogs, new beverages for example wine coolers that were appealing to the younger people in the 1980’s. Product placement is carefully considered. Magazines and television shows reveals detailed information regarding viewers and readers that allows advertisers to target very specific populations. In response to lobbyists and the fear of government action, in 2003 the liquor and beer trade organizations joined the wine industry in adopting a â€Å"30% threshold† to guide the placement of beverage ads. This means they would not advertise where the underage audience exceeds 30%. The magazine ads decreased as the television ads increased. Also the 20 major brewers did not adopt this 30% policy. Since the social media is so popular among the under age drinkers, the alcohol beverage company has many advertisements and promotion on Facebook. The alcohol beverage industries have been encouraged to use free features on Facebook such as Facebook applications, events and pages. In the summer of 2009, there were 93 Facebook pages, with more than a million fans for the top-selling beer brands. The top ten selling liquor brands had three times that. One alcohol beverage company has created a special corporate position devoted to using Twitter and other social media to promote and another has decided to devote its entire advertising budget for one of its brands to digital sources. A report in 2003 reported that underage drinking represents 19. 2% of alcohol consumption out of the total 50. 52 billion drinks then consumed annually. One area of concern in the substance abuse field is the constant creation of beverages that appeal to younger people. Women, minority and developing countries are also a target for the alcohol beverage. The advertisements that include women are seen to be sexist and they portray men in the stereotypes of male behavior that contribute to sexual harassment. The alcohol beverage industry is also trying to maintain profits by increasing foreign sales even brewing companies are starting to brew overseas which raises an ethical question. It may seem to be a sort of a counterbalance of the alcohol industry’s efforts to have its product appear on television by promoting responsible drinking, but a young person would have to watch 22 ads for an alcoholic beverage before seeing a commercial promoting responsible drinking. (Jean Kinney 18-25) What inspired you to choose this topic? I was inspired to choose the topic of alcohol advertising because it is everywhere. There is not a day that goes by that I don’t see some type of alcohol advertisement from a billboard, a grocery store display of alcohol, or a television ad. I am amazed by the efforts of how the alcohol industry spends their money to attract new customers. When I look at some new alcoholic beverage that is introduced, I may say to myself,†Wow, that looks good, I wonder what that would taste like. † I don’t consider trying it because I am a recovering addict. It shows that there needs to be more regulation of the advertisements of alcoholic beverages. Also being a professional in the field of drugs and alcohol, the ways of coping with alcohol advertisement being everywhere needs to be addressed in a client/patient’s treatment plan. How will you apply this information when developing a treatment plan? I will apply all this information when developing a treatment plan by discussing and processing with my client how to cope with the environmental cues that may cause a trigger to pick up a drink. Since advertisement of alcohol is everywhere, my patient/or client needs to learn how to live a sober life without feeling they missed out on some new beverage that is being introduced. Also I may process and discuss with my client that if there is a particular place that they have bought their alcohol to avoid and shop elsewhere for their groceries. There is no way to escape the advertisement of alcohol unless one lives an isolated, sheltered life. I cannot expect any patient of mine to live like that, so they must learn to cope in the world without being triggered to drink by the clever promotional campaigns that the alcohol industry promotes there beverages to entice new drinkers or even for people to switch from their loyal brands or to encourage underage drinking.

Philippine National Police Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management Essay

Crime is inevitable, it occurs every day and it might be even happening right now. It is a nuisance and it greatly affects the society. People has their own reason for doing this kind of atrocity, it is a common understanding that if a person is without a job, he/she wouldn’t gain income, without income, he/she wouldn’t be able to buy their everyday needs, and without the basic needs he/she wouldn’t be able to survive, thus leaving him/her desperate for money, doing anything they can to get it, even if it means to commit a crime, crimes that might endanger the lives of others. The crime rate in the Philippines has been reduced more than 15 percent in the first three months compared with the same period last year regardless of the recent slew of high-profile urban crimes, as said by the late Interior Secretary Jesse M. Robredo. For the first quarter of the year 2012, the national crime volume declined by 11,219 cases, a drop of 16. 7 percent from a year ago, and Based on reports submitted to him by Chief Superintendent Alex Paul Monteagudo, Philippine National Police Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (PNP-DIDM) chief, the PNP’s national crime solution efficiency rate for the first quarter of 2012 stood at 34. 38 percent, slightly better than the 25. 84 percent efficiency rate for the same period last year, this means that crimes are given justice more often than left unsolved. Evidently, crime rates are responsive to local labor market conditions. Surprisingly, little attention has been given by economists on whether crimes committed by optimizing individuals respond to labor market opportunities. Most recent research has been focused on the effects of criminal justice sanctions. However, most of the researches attempting to measure the effect of the labor market on crime are represented by studies linking unemployment and crime. (Patalinhung, 2011) Unemployment in the country dropped from an estimate of 13. million individuals in the first quarter of the year 2012 to 10. 9 million individuals in the second quarter, according to a recent survey by the Social Weather Stations, this is a proof of improvement in the labor force of the Philippines. However, more than half, or 51. 2 percent of unemployed Filipinos, were in 15-to-24 age group, which only validates the difficulty faced by fresh graduates looking for work, said Rene Ofreneo of the School of Labor and Industrial Relations at the University of the Philippines. According to National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) as of October 2012, the Labor Force Participation Rate is 63. 9% of the total population; this means that 36. 1% of the total population is either voluntary or in-voluntary unemployed. Freeman (1982, 1995, and 1999) concluded that unemployment had the expected positive impact on crime, but the magnitude of the impact was modest. Thus, the existing studies on unemployment rate to measure labor market prospects of potential criminals may not be so insightful. Gross National Income per capita may also contribute to the changes of Crime rate in the Philippines, since it determines the total value of good and service that an individual and includes the net factors from abroad. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) is confident that the country’s per capita income which is one of the lowest among emerging Asian economies, will significantly improve and may match those of its neighbors over the medium term. BSP Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo said ongoing government efforts, such as higher spending on infrastructure and social services would eventually help spread the benefits of economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Unemployment Rate, Labor Force Participation Rate and Gross National Income per capita has an impact on the changing Crime Rate in the Philippines, the researcher hypothesized that Unemployment Rate has a positive relationship with Crime Rate and both Labor Force Participation Rate and Gross National Income per capita has a negative relationship with Crime Rate.

Resolving the nursing shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resolving the nursing shortage - Essay Example The author’s discussion point out to the lack of motivational support for new nursing professionals and the lack of competitive professional incentives. In such cases, many nursing graduates do not pursue the career or enrichments that are necessary to maintain and develop skills. One of the interventions proposed is in the development of effective professional and educational partnerships such as those developed by the University Health System Consortium joined with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing sponsored residence programs that allow new graduates not only a venue to practice their learning but also exposes them to the potential and rewards of the nursing profession. Based on the results of two cohort studies on the participation of nursing graduates in the year-long residence program, participants expressed greater commitment to the nursing profession due to exposure of the program and greater satisfaction in nursing as a career. One of the best indicators of the success of the program is in increasing retention rate of resident nurses to 89% from previous turnover rates ranging from 40 to 50%. Dracup and Morrish however also recognize that instituting similar comprehensive programs can prove to be challenging particularly in cases were there are existing deficiencies in professionals, resources and expertise for the programs. The conclusion was that such efforts that consider professional and personal development at the beginning of the nurses’ careers is an effective means of encouraging them to pursue their careers and competencies which are critical if demands of the profession are to be adequately met. Dracup and Morrish’s concerns and views are echoed in a significant number of researches. In independent studies done in Virginia and Nebraska, similar conclusions to support the development of programs that will encourage young

Brief outlines for social work portfolio Outline

Brief outlines for social work portfolio - Outline Example This will make learning more effective, easier, and enjoyable. Finally, it helps one to expand his her bandwidth of expertise from which they develop benefits (Honey & Mumford 2006). Spider diagrams are largely used in learning since they assist in creating ideas in a clearly and neatly structured layout. They enable one to think of the main concept and how the concepts are available in numerous parts. They help you to note down information and aggravate ideas. It begins with a central concept and branches out. They help the social workers to view the patients holistically, identify the solutions and needs, and develop a care plan, building affiliations with the family and the patient, among others. Finally, it also enables them to be proactive, confident, flexible, assertive, and to be able to know what to prioritize over the other. A portfolio is considered to be an operational document that is used often all through the student placement and the practice educator so as to review and set out learning results for the placement, to jot down assessments and to evaluate achievement and progress consistent with the progressive assessment principles. This portfolio enables the students to prove that at the end of their placement they are competent to practice skillfully and have attained the principles set forth in the Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) at the needed level for the placement carried out. The PCF is an outcome statement that sets forth what a student social worker should understand and know so as to progress. During the assessment, the appropriate level should be demonstrated on the basis of the PCF so as to attain a Pass for the placement done. Supervision meetings are sessions between supervisors and the support staff where performance at work is debated in an organized manner. These meetings take the

Ethics Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Theories - Essay Example In this case, there is little question that a theft of the drug would be ethical under a teleological and utilitarian model. Depending on the ethical approach chosen, breaking into the store to steal the drug could be considered either right or wrong. As stated above, a teleological analysis would justify the action as being right due to its potential to avoid a great harm, a loss of life, at the expense of some lost profit, which surely cannot weigh as heavily. On the other hand, a more duty-based approach such as deontological would require that the morality of the act itself be considered without regard to its consequences. Deontological ethics maintains that actions themselves have intrinsic moral value, and can be inherently good or bad. Arguably, stealing is wrong even if it ends up having a positive effect, and therefore a deontological analysis would require a determination that the action is wrong. In short, the ends never justify the means under such an analysis. Notifying employees of layoffs via e-mail is the right way because of the manner in which the notification was handled in this particular case.

Psychology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychology of Diversity - Essay Example It focused on a small, closely-knit South Asian community in Muncie, Indiana. The people in this town are mostly Asians who are part of the diaspora. She recalls that when she left Muncie in 1981 to go to college, her mother gave her some advice – to remember her Indian heritage. At first, she was really puzzled, for how could she know her heritage when she grew up in Muncie? She has lived in a country which regard non-white and non-European as â€Å"outsider† and â€Å"other†. Up to now this setting is still experienced by Asians and Latinos in America. But she says that she’s just a young adult woman of Indian ancestry living in a small American city, trying to understand what her heritage was. She focuses her paper to that time of history up to today when American has not yet awaken to the realization that she survived with diaspora and immigration. Gupta-Carlson said that when Henry Ford pioneered the assembly line and built the automotive plants that would power America’s consumer economy to fame, he had no other recourse but to bring in the immigrant workers and had them work. He then relied heavily on immigrant labor, but he tried to forcibly Americanize his workers. This occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. He enforced the restrictive laws on immigration that made a backlash against Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and other Asian settlers in agricultural and logging communities. Ford wanted to erase the â€Å"foreign-ness† in his workers. The worst discrimination happened then. There are many other incidents and inhuman conditions mentioned in the paper of Gupta-Carlson, and the experiences proved not very uncommon. Today, more than ever, we still see and witness these occurrences – immigration laws against immigrants, working conditions still inhuman and really oppressive measures enforced not only on Asian male but also on women. Not only are these inhuman conditions present in the working place but also

Resistance to change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resistance to change - Research Paper Example ). They usually have three shifts a week and many nurses are pleased with such schedule, because they have much time to have a rest and devote to their families. Nurses have four free days after three working days and are able to get acquainted with all their patients and learn about their problems. However, last time this schedule was widely discussed as there are a lot of doubts appeared around it (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). The question is if a person is biologically capable of working uninterruptedly during 12 hours and if this work can bring positive results (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). The trouble is that 12 consecutive hours of work make a person physically and emotionally exhausted (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). At the end of the working period a nurse inevitably becomes less attentive, slow and loses the ability to take fast decisions that is extremely important in nursing profession. Moreover, some nurses prefer not to waste time even for a break to have some meal. Many nurses cons ider this to be unnecessary. Now many scholars who study this issue call such way of life â€Å"a way to disaster† (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). According to Reid and Dawson, â€Å"Notable reductions in neurobehavioural performance during shift work and particularly night work have long been recognized. These reductions in performance are thought to be the result of both the sleep disruption associated with shift work3  and the circadian rhythm of performance† (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). In order to maintain physical ability to work, nurses often drink coffee. The profession of a nurse is included in top ten professions, which consume coffee excessively (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). However, excessive coffee consumption can lead to very bad consequences such as increased excitability and dream abnormality. If to remember that nurses usually do not have much time to sleep, these abnormalities may result in more serious diseases. Thus, 12 hours shifts schedule is harmful not only for patients but for nurses itself (What are 12-hour shifts good for?). Despite all these factors, many nurses become irritable, when they are told that it would be better to change their schedule from 12 hours shift to 8 hours shift (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). They like their 12 hours shifts schedule and want to have many consecutive free days to devote them to their families. â€Å""I prefer 12-hour shifts because I am forced to be diligent about my sleep. Very early in my career, I worked 8-hour night shifts -- it was way too easy to keep postponing my bedtime." Another nurse believes that "8-hour shifts are harder because you have stay up 5 nights a week rather than just 3 nights." (cited in Stokowski, 2013). 8 hours shift five times a week seems unsuitable for nurses, thus many of them are against such change in their schedule (Are 12-hour shifts safe?). Those nurses who are over 55 years old are not against the change in schedule. It is difficult for them to work for 12 consecutive hours because of their age (Reid, and Dawson, 2000). Thus they want to have fewer working hours a day. Reid and Dawson state: â€Å"The combined effect of 12 hour shifts and age may result in greater reductions in performance of older than younger workers. If this is the case then there may be serious implications for worker productivity and safety. Considering the increase in the number of older shift workers currently employed and the prediction that this will continue to increase in the future,

African American Musuem Essay Example for Free

African American Musuem Essay The African Museum in Philadelphia is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell. Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia. Programs The African American Museum that is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has some interesting education programs. These education programs focus on arts, culture, and heritage education. They place a major emphasis on the interests of the students, educators, artists, historians, scholars, and community organizations. These programs offer diversity with scheduling. The programs explore various African forms of cultural expressions. In these programs there are literary performances, hands on demonstrations, workshops, and storytelling performances as well. The African American Museum in Philadelphia feels its programs can be a vital link between the permanent and visiting collections for the many communities they serve. Exhibitions The exhibitions in the African American Museum in Philadelphia can some to be pleasing to the eye and stimulating to the mind. According to the African American Museum of Philadelphia these exhibitions invoke a deep collection of emotion ranging from pride and passion to excitement and enthusiasm. When visitors enter the museum they will come to Gallery 1, which includes a interactive timeline, images draw from historical record, that spans 100 years of history. In Gallery 2 there are full size video projections in which visitors can in engage in them. Once they are activated, a monologue about life in Philadelphia will begin. Some other aspects of the exhibit include an experience where you can walk the streets of Philadelphia through a large scale map, which is located between galleries 1 and 2 .

Analysis of Vietnams Logistics Industry

Analysis of Vietnams Logistics Industry Vietnam has developed economy markedly after adopting economic reforms in 1986, becoming one of the fastest growing economies in Asia. The incessant efforts of the state towards international economic integration such as the implements of bilateral trade agreements, achieving memberships of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and, most recently, entering to the World Trade Organization (WTO), has made further strong changes in Vietnams trade and economic regime. However, to continue impression by state economic growth, Vietnam needs to pass challenges such as reforming its regulatory environment and legal framework and, equally important, improving the infrastructure for the transportation and logistics sectors. Transportation and logistics have important role in Vietnams development. This study will focus on Viet Nams logistics industry that can continue to be facilitators of countrys economic progress, however there are a number of potential challenges that must first be addressed. 1. Introduction Vietnam is one of fastest-growing sourcing and manufacturing locations in the world average export growth rate was the highest in the region during the last decade. The country has become a focal point for off-shore purchase for global manufacturers looking for even lower cost locations than others in Area. By favorable conditions, there are opportunities as well as challenges for the transport and logistics sector in Viet Nam. This research will analyze Vietnam logistics industry through models such as Porters five force, PESTLE analysis and Product life cycle to introduce recommendations for development of logistics industry in Vietnam 2. Porters five force analysis Source: http://www.caneval.com/images/pictures/fiveforcesmodel.jpg Threats of new entrants High Threat of new entry can be characterized as high due to Vietnam must entirely open the logistics market for foreign companies in 2012 following its commitment to the World Trade Organization (WTO). This is a big difficulty for Vietnamese logistics businesses that have to compete with foreign companies that have greater capital and better competitiveness. Threat of substitutes Medium E-commerce will open a new market for players in the logistics field. Logistics and distribution systems that function efficiently and effectively in all respects will be crucial for the success of the companies involved. This implies that manufacturing companies, and especially logistics companies, must identify and create effective logistics solutions in order to compete on the marketplace. Bargaining power of suppliers Medium The inefficiencies of the air and ocean transportation system and a lack of supporting infrastructure on the landside, including warehousing and depot facilities are hampering the growth of efficient logistics practices in the country. However, Government initiatives to improve logistics infrastructure and increased participation of international operators are expected to improve the logistics landscape in Vietnam. Bargaining power of buyers Medium/High The Vietnamese logistics industry has great potential for development, which domestic businesses have not yet made the most of. At this time, domestic companies handle just 18 percent of total import-exports, with the rest being catered for by foreign logistics companies. Inadequate logistics infrastructure including incomplete road systems running to seaports, warehouses, and airports has resulted in increased logistics costs. This disadvantage has hampered the development of the Vietnamese logistics sector. Rivalry among existing firms High There are more than 800 mostly small-sized logistics businesses in Vietnam, and they remain modest in terms of capital, technology and manpower. In addition, logistics infrastructure is inadequate, and there are many legal barriers hindering the development of logistics in Vietnam. Leading international logistics companies are expected to expand their presence in Vietnam through direct investment and joint ventures. The operating environment for service providers is likely to improve as the understanding of the benefits of an integrated logistics system increases among policy makers and end-users. Presently, the Vietnam shipping industry is dominated by international carriers who are able to provide global coverage and a wide range of services. The local carriers are largely focused on domestic and regional shipping services within South East Asia. As a result of the terms for accession to the WTO, Vietnam has allowed foreign shipping companies to establish joint ventures with majority foreign ownership. 2. Analysis on PESTLE of Vietnamese logistics industry PESTLE analysis is used to identify factors of macro environments of Viet Nam in logistics industrial development relying on five basic elements such as Politics, Economy, Society, Technology, Legal and Environment. Political factor Laws and regulations effected within the logistics industry are dependent on the political environment which formulates such laws and regulations. Governmental policies and regulations of Viet Nam on the logistics industry are not clear enough to create conditions for the countrys fledgling logistics industry to develop. Recently, favorable policies for industrial activity have led to the growth of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows and the establishment of more privately-owned Vietnamese enterprises. This has given great momentum to the nations industrial sector and resulted in the multi-fold growth of its international trade. Table 1 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) Indicator Vietnam East Asia Pacific OECD Average Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 5.1 5.9 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 4.6 5.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 6.3 6.6 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 5.3 5.8 Source: http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=202 Economic scale The businesses expanded beyond national boundaries and extended their global reach to take advantage of new markets and cheaper resources, so the movements of goods created new demands for the transportation and logistics industry. Rising inflation and global competition gave rise to greater pressures on businesses to minimise the costs of operation, including implementation of just-in-time inventory management systems, etc., and also created demands for speed and accuracy in all aspects of business. Vietnams imports and exports have been consistently increasing and the economy has shown a healthy growth rate of on average 7.6 percent per annum between 2001- 2006.   The countrys exports and imports for the year 2008 totalled US$ 144 billion, a 21 percent increase from 2007.   The increased trading activity had created strong demand and huge opportunity to the logistics service providers, especially in the freight forwarding sector.   Figure 1 Viet Nam total exports and imports 1990 2008 (Unit: Millions of USD) Source: General statistics office of Viet Nam Moreover, foreign investment has also been rising steadily in the Vietnamese logistics sector and is expected to increase further with the countrys entry to the WTO.   There are a large number of foreign logistics companies which are in the process of obtaining or have already obtained their licences to operate as a wholly foreign owned companies or joint ventures in Vietnam.   With the increasing penetration of multinationals, the market is expected to grow during the next five years, with service levels reaching international standards. In Vietnam, the Government aims to invest as much as 10 percent of its GDP on infrastructure including the transport, energy and telecommunications sectors.   The private sector is expected to play an expanded role in financing the highway, seaport and airport projects.   Improved infrastructure developments and ancillary services such as warehousing, depots and distribution centres will further boost the demand for logistics services and create huge business opportunities for the existing logistics service providers. Figure 2 Foreign direct investment projects licensed in period 1988 2008 Source: General statistics office of Viet Nam Social force The inadequate human resources for logistics services have not been well-trained and enterprises suffer a shortage of qualified logistics experts. In an effort to keep pace with these demands, as well as cater to the needs of the worlds 13th largest population, the Vietnamese Government has invested heavily in upgrading its transport infrastructure. However overall, its record of success can best be described as mixed. While Vietnams vast network of inland waterways transport goods efficiently throughout the country, an inadequate road network less than 20% paved and limited railway capacity have prevented Vietnam from meeting its full transport potential. On the other hand, Vietnams rapidly growing air and seaport industry has facilitated a higher volume of trade, lending hope that improvements across all transport networks will have a similar effect. Technological force The inadequate information system of Viet Nam logistics industry is  leading to be ineffective. Vietnam is legging behind others countries in the Region in EDI and E- Commerce applications. A number of ASEAN countries have made substantial efforts to build up a public- private EDI, inter- ministry network to share the logistics information and to improve the industrys operations. VICT (Vietnam Internal of Commercial Technology) system of Vietnam is the only port operator using the EDI system, on standalone basis, which processes automated container billing, automated inventory management (container yard operation), automated gate operation (truck arrival and departure check), automated vessel operation (container loading and unloading management), and CFS stock management. Legal force In Vietnam, the regulatory and legislative standards such as customs clearance, ground handling, and terminal operations are highly complicated and not always consistent.   The multiple layers of administration at district and provincial levels have also led to some reports of corruption and subsequent increase in both lead times and the cost of processing freight.   Many seaports and airports also lack supporting logistics distribution centres, which can result in increased inventory and idle time for trucks, ships and planes.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Currently, the boundaries between the operations of various businesses such as freight forwarders, warehouse operators, fleet operators and integrated logistics companies are not well defined.   They are often fragmented and do not generally complement each others business offerings, which can lead to duplication of effort, higher costs and lead times.  The lack of information sharing, clarity on roles and responsibilities pose great challenge and can further hamper the growth of the logistics industry in Vietnam.   Environmental factor The Vietnamese logistics industry also lacks experienced logistics professionals.   This is a major challenge and drawback for the local as well as multinational logistics companies since they find it difficult to hire the right talent.   Insufficient training and education in the field of logistics is also a major contributor to the scarcity of skilled personnel. The transport infrastructure is actually in bad condition and a corridor for multimodal transport has not been created while the needs for quality transport of goods between various means of transport are growing increasingly. Figure 3 Cargo transport of Viet Nam in 2009 Source: General statistics office of Viet Nam 4. The Drivers of change of the Logistics industry The regulations of government, national transportation and infrastructure system, business environment, cost and time of services are defined main forces that dives change of logistics industry in Viet Nam. Regulations of governments relevant policies Vietnam had acquired about US$ 80 billion (2008 state est.) in FDI, directed towards more than 6,000 projects. The FDI inflow will continue as more investors realise the potential opportunities that the country has to offer. However, the complex legal and regulatory environment, arising from an uncoordinated model of policy implementation, is a major concern for private and foreign investors. This is a significant reason for the low participation of private investors in critical sectors such as infrastructure development. National transportation and infrastructure system The road, rail and air transportation network lag significantly behind international standards and hence account for a low share of the overall transportation market. The improvement of these networks will greatly enhance the countrys ability to develop its domestic and international connectivity. This will bring significant benefits to its trade growth as well as the transportation, logistics and tourism industries. Trade environment Vietnam has good potential to develop into a major Asian shipping hub. However, the lack of world-class deep water port facilities is limiting its potential to fully develop shipping and related industries. Encouraging the participation of international shipping and port operators would add great momentum to the sector. However, there will be a need for greater transparency in policy making and to place greater emphasis on economic considerations over political expediency. In the past decade, Vietnams containerized volumes have grown every year by almost 20 percent, but the delay in upgrading and expanding of ports has resulted in continued inefficiency and potential congestion problems. Weak landside infrastructure is another major concern for both service providers and users. Table 2 Trading across borders in 2009 Region or Economy Documents to export (number) Time to export (days) Cost to export (US$ per container) Documents to import (number) Time to import (days) Cost to import (US$ per container) East Asia Pacific 6.7 23.1 909.3 7.1 24.3 952.8 Eastern Europe Central Asia 6.5 26.8 1,581.8 7.8 28.4 1,773.5 Latin America Caribbean 6.8 18.6 1,243.6 7.3 20.9 1,481.0 Middle East North Africa 6.4 22.5 1,034.8 7.4 25.9 1,221.7 OECD 4.3 10.5 1,089.7 4.9 11.0 1,145.9 South Asia 8.5 32.4 1,364.1 9.0 32.2 1,509.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 7.8 33.6 1,941.8 8.8 39.4 2,365.4 Viet Nam 6 22 756 8 21 940 Source: http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/TradingAcrossBorders/ Costs and time Lastly, the development of its logistics industry will significantly enhance Vietnams competitiveness through the reduction of transportation and inventory costs, shorter lead times for delivery to destination markets and an overall improvement in the efficiency and security of the movement of goods and materials. Currently, logistics costs are a significant contributor to the high cost of doing business in Vietnam. Over the last 10 years, increased competition and the improved level of logistics services has significantly reduced this cost. 5. The life-cycle model Source: http://alife4info.co.uk/images/stagesInTheIndustryLifecycle.jpeg Vietnams economy is expected to continue to grow at above 6% for the next five years and between 5 and 6% in the following five years. The share of the industrial and services sectors within GDP composition will continue to grow. Vietnamese logistics industry is considered stand between growth and shakeout stages (X). The experience of its neighbours (Singapore, China, and Hong Kong) will serve as useful examples of how to develop logistics industry. Government policies focus on transforming Vietnam into a market economy and continuing international economic integration. There is an opportunity to improve this further through investment in new infrastructure as well as new processes and technology to meet international standards. This will support for main national industries, including transportation and logistics to continue growth in the future. 6. Scenario Analysis Redesigning of regulations and business laws based on association of small units to facilitate trade operations faster, cheaper and more effective The industry is highly fragmented with an estimated 800 operators competing for business. Most operate on a small scale and have limited coverage, service range and information technology (IT) capabilities. Service providers face several challenges, including inconsistent regulations across various levels of administration and a lack of skilled manpower. It is necessary to encourage members to work in collaboration with each other on the basis of utilising enterprises advantages (physical facilities, information systems, and othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) for one-stop shop provision of  services, and expanding domestic and overseas range of business operations. Improvement of technology, the national transportation system as development of roads, infrastructure, landside and international airport. There is a critical need, however, to develop road and landside infrastructure in order to facilitate the efficient movement of the increased volume of goods. Upgrading of the existing airports at Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi to support larger volumes of cargo is also urgently required. The increased emphasis placed on developing the electronics and hi-tech sectors by the Government will give renewed impetus to further develop its air facilities, as these products require more sophisticated and secure modes of delivery and shorter transit times. Proposed new ports around the two major economic centres of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi could result in a significant improvement of infrastructure. The development of deep water ports is also likely to significantly boost international cargo activity linked with Vietnam and decrease overloaded flows of goods at two bigger ports as Ho Chi Minh and Hai Phong. The earlier development of the new international airport at Long Thanh, in the province of Dong Nai next to Ho Chi Minh City will bring about much needed additional capacity. Again, the concurrent development of an improved road network to connect to the new airport will be required to avoid the creation of new bottlenecks. Training and human resources The process of getting aware of the importance of logistics, building logistics management skills and enhancing the ability to translate logistics theory into logistics practice needs some amount of time. The Government is to have a policy to assist enterprises and schools in order to step up the task of training under various flexible forms, providing human resources for the industry. On their part, enterprises need to seek funding and cooperation in human resource training from foreign countries.